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Table 5. 10: Policy Recommendations for Reducing Knowledge Gap ............................................................183 Table 6. 1: Key Recommendations and Responsible Stakeholders .................................................................188List of Charts
Chart 1.1: Status of SDG9 and Infrastructure Quality............................................................................................. 11 Chart 1.2: Infrastructure Status of Regions and OIC Members ........................................................................... 11 Chart 1.3: Global Infrastructure Spending by Asset Class 2015 (USD Billion)............................................ 12 Chart 1.4: Spending Needs for Economic Infrastructure, 2017-35 (USD Trillion).................................... 13 Chart 1.5: Aggregate Spending on Economic Infrastructure by Region 2017-35....................................... 13 Chart 1.6: Global Cumulative Infrastructure Spending and Investment Needs 2016-2040 .................. 14 Chart 2.1: Estimates of Sources of Infrastructure Financing in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries (USD billion) ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chart 2.2: Assets under Management of Institutional Investors (USD trillion) ........................................... 30 Chart 2.3: Global Infrastructure Investment-Equity and PPP by Type of Owner (%) .............................. 31 Chart 2.4: Global Sector-wise Infrastructure Investments (%) .......................................................................... 32 Chart 2.5: Procurement Regimes for PPPs of Different Country Groupings ................................................. 35 Chart 2.6: Infrastructure Status of Regions and OIC MCs (0-7 Best) ............................................................... 37 Chart 2.7: Transport Infrastructure Status of Regions and OIC Member Countries (0-7 Best)........... 37 Chart 2.8: Quality of Electricity Supply of Regions and OIC Member Countries (0-7 best).................... 38 Chart 2.9: Status of Telecommunications of Regions and OIC Member Countries) ................................... 38 Chart 2.10: Total Infrastructure Investments Private Sector Contribution to Infrastructure Investments (% in Selected OIC Member Countries 2011-2015)...................................................................... 39 Chart 2.11: Sectoral Private Sector Infrastructure Investment in OIC Member Countries..................... 40 Chart 2.12: Cumulative Regional Infrastructure Spending Requirements 2016-2040............................ 40 Chart 2.13: Infrastructure Spending Needs 2016-2040 Cumulative in Selected OIC Countries .......... 41 Chart 2.14: Infrastructure Gap in Selected OIC Countries 2016-2040............................................................. 41 Chart 3.1: Istisna Contract for Infrastructure Finance............................................................................................ 48 Chart 3.2: Using Istisna-Ijarah for Infrastructure Finance .................................................................................... 48 Chart 3.3: Wakala-Ijarah Structure for Infrastructure Finance .......................................................................... 49 Chart 3.4: Musharakah Structure for Infrastructure Finance .............................................................................. 50 Chart 3.5: Murabahah Contract for Infrastructure Finance.................................................................................. 50 Chart 3.6: Tawarruq Structure for Infrastructure Finance ................................................................................... 51 Chart 3.7: Financial Sector Development of OIC Countries and Other Country Groupings.................... 54 Chart 3.8: Relative Size of the Financial Sectors (2016) (% of GDP) ............................................................... 54 Chart 3.9: Islamic Financial Sectors Size (2016) (USD billion) ........................................................................... 55 Chart 3.10: Distribution of Islamic Banks and Assets (USD billion) ................................................................. 56 Chart 3.11: Master Wind Energy Limited Financing Structure ........................................................................... 58 Chart 3.12: Doraleh Container Terminal Financing Structure ............................................................................ 59 Chart 3.13: Total Number of Sukuk and Value of Sukuk Outstanding (USD billion) ................................. 61 Chart 3.14: Sukuk Issuances by Sector (%) ................................................................................................................. 61 Chart 3.15: Composite Mudarabah-Ijarah Sukuk ...................................................................................................... 62 Chart 3.16: Neelum Jhelum Sukuk Structure............................................................................................................... 63 Chart 3.17: Distribution of OIFIs and Assets (USD million).................................................................................. 64 Chart 3.18: Distribution of Takaful Operators and Assets (USD billion) ........................................................ 65 Chart 3.19: Distribution of Investments by Takaful Operators in GCC (%)................................................... 65 Chart 3.20: IDB Infrastructure Financing 1976-2018 (Q-2) (USD million) ................................................... 68 Chart 4.1. 1: Relative Financial Sector Development in Indonesia (2016) (0-1 Highest) ....................... 71 Chart 4.1. 2: Financial System Structure in Indonesia 2015 (% of GDP) ........................................................ 72 Chart 4.1. 3: Relative Status of Infrastructure in Indonesia (2017) (1-7 Best)............................................ 74 Chart 4.1. 4: Private Sector Investment in Infrastructure: Indonesia (USD Million)................................ 74