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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................1 1. Tourism Risk and Crisis Management Frameworks ............................................................ 1 2. Types and impacts of Crises in Tourism.................................................................................... 2 3. Mitigation and Response Strategies and Actions................................................................... 5 4. Case Studies.........................................................................................................................................12 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Risk and Crisis Management..................................... 17 1.1. Crisis and Disaster............................................................................................................................17 1.2. Risk Management..............................................................................................................................18 1.3. Tourism Crisis Management Frameworks .............................................................................19 1.4. The Tourism Resilience Cycle......................................................................................................21 1.5. Types of Crisis in Tourism.............................................................................................................24 1.6. Impacts of Crises and Recovery in the Tourism Sector.....................................................29 1.7. The Role of Media and Travel Advisories ...............................................................................33 1.8. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................36 2. MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ....................................................................... 37 2.1. Tourism Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies........................37 2.2. Key Organisations and Roles in Tourism Crisis Management........................................38 2.3. Tourism Crisis Responses: Strategies and Actions .............................................................40 2.4. Crisis Communications ...................................................................................................................53 2.5. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................55 3. TOURISM SECTOR CRISES IN OIC MEMBER STATES ................................................... 57 3.1. Types of Crisis Faced by OIC Countries ...................................................................................57 3.2. Impact of Crises on OIC Member States’ Tourism Sectors...............................................60 3.3. Response Strategies and Actions: During and Post Crises...............................................61 3.4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................65