EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................1

1.

Tourism Risk and Crisis Management Frameworks ............................................................ 1

2.

Types and impacts of Crises in Tourism.................................................................................... 2

3.

Mitigation and Response Strategies and Actions................................................................... 5

4.

Case Studies.........................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14

1.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Risk and Crisis Management..................................... 17

1.1.

Crisis and Disaster............................................................................................................................17

1.2.

Risk Management..............................................................................................................................18

1.3.

Tourism Crisis Management Frameworks .............................................................................19

1.4.

The Tourism Resilience Cycle......................................................................................................21

1.5.

Types of Crisis in Tourism.............................................................................................................24

1.6.

Impacts of Crises and Recovery in the Tourism Sector.....................................................29

1.7.

The Role of Media and Travel Advisories ...............................................................................33

1.8.

Conclusion............................................................................................................................................36

2.

MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ....................................................................... 37

2.1.

Tourism Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies........................37

2.2.

Key Organisations and Roles in Tourism Crisis Management........................................38

2.3.

Tourism Crisis Responses: Strategies and Actions .............................................................40

2.4.

Crisis Communications ...................................................................................................................53

2.5.

Conclusion............................................................................................................................................55

3.

TOURISM SECTOR CRISES IN OIC MEMBER STATES ................................................... 57

3.1.

Types of Crisis Faced by OIC Countries ...................................................................................57

3.2.

Impact of Crises on OIC Member States’ Tourism Sectors...............................................60

3.3.

Response Strategies and Actions: During and Post Crises...............................................61

3.4.

Conclusion............................................................................................................................................65