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Risk & Crisis Management in Tourism Sector:

Recovery from Crisis

in the OIC Member Countries

2

Figure E.1: Crisis Management Framework

No.

Phase

Principal strategies & actions

Key stages

1

Pre-event

Contingency planning

Prevention, based on

known information

2

Prodromal (onset

of crisis situation)

Initiation of contingency plan

Response

3

Emergency

Protective actions during crisis

Response

4

Intermediate

Short-term needs addressed, clear

communication strategy in place

Response

5

Recovery

Restoring infrastructure, facilities, and

tourist attractions, coordinated and

sustained marketing response

Stimulation of recovery

in mid and long term

6

Resolution

Review of actions taken to feed into further

contingency plans

Prevention, based on

new learning

Based on Faulkner (2001)

Crisis management planning entails developing policies and procedures according to these six

phases; the principal actions are given in sub-section 3 below.

Resilience in Tourism

Resilience is the ability of a system to reduce the chances of a crisis occurring, mitigate the impacts

of a crisis, and recover its essential structures and functions quickly. The speed of recovery from a

crisis (or stress event) will depend on different forms of capital (social, political, economic) built up

in the phases before the event. Understanding resilience concepts can help to identify the necessary

interventions to enable a system to maintain its essential functions and allow faster and more

successful regeneration. Cochrane (2010) developed the concept in the context of tourism as ‘the

sphere of tourism resilience’, with the core features of a resilient system being:

The ability to understand and harness market forces

Collaboration between stakeholders to create strong networks

Leadership, normally provided by the public sector

Sufficient flexibility to adapt to change, including adaptive learning.

2.

Types and Impacts of Crises in Tourism

In terms of predictability and avoidance, there are two broad categories of tourism-related crisis:

those beyond the control of managers, politicians and policy-makers, such as natural disasters,

disease epidemics, and sudden global economic events, and those resulting from a failure of

management and government to deal with predictable risks. These include (within a business) poor

management or leadership, financial fraud, loss of data, destruction of place of business due to fire

or flood without adequate back-up or insurance cover; and (at the level of a region or country) acts

of war or terrorism, political upheavals, crime waves, and anthropogenic climate change.