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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 9 1.1. Skills Development through Vocational Education and Training (VET) to Eradicate Poverty and Social Inequality ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 1.1.2. Skills Development through Vocational Education and Training..........................................................................................10 1.1.3. Why skills are under-utilized?...............................................................................................................................................................................11 1.1.4. Way Forward to Utilization of Vocational Skills....................................................................................................................................12 1.2. Technical and Vocational Education as a Tool to Eradicate Poverty of Students from Poor Socio-Economic Background .......................................................................................................................13 1.2.1. Practical Skills......................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.2.2. Easier to Get Employed................................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.2.3. Short Courses/Time Frames...................................................................................................................................................................................14 1.2.4. Less Expensive to Complete/Cost......................................................................................................................................................................14 1.2.5. Opportunity for Skilled Migration......................................................................................................................................................................14 1.3. Main Factors that Determine the Performance of Vocational Education ................................15 1.3.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 1.3.2. Policy............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 1.3.3. Employability .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 1.3.4. Skills Demand.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 1.3.5. Access to Vocational Education ............................................................................................................................................................................16 1.3.6. Other Issues...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 1.3.7. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 1.4. Present Status and Current Trends of Vocational Education in the World ............................18 1.4.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 1.4.2. Entrance of VET Graduates into Higher Education.............................................................................................................................18 1.4.3. Current Pressures.............................................................................................................................................................................................................18 1.4.4. Wider Scopes........................................................................................................................................................................................................................19 1.4.5. Participation Trends......................................................................................................................................................................................................19 1.4.6. Competence-Based Training (CBT) in VET................................................................................................................................................20