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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................................................IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................................................................VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................... 8 GLOBAL TARGETS: EFA, MDGS AND SDGS ......................................................................................... 8 CONCEPTUALIZING QUALITY EDUCATION .....................................................................................12 MEASURING EDUCATION QUALITY ...................................................................................................14 DATA ANDMETHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................16 2. EDUCATION QUALITY IN THE OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES .............................................................20 THE STATE OF EDUCATION QUALITY IN THE OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES .............................20 2.1.1. LEVEL OF STUDENT LEARNING............................................................................................................... 20 2.1.2. INPUT QUALITY AND EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION ................................................................. 25 2.1.3. TRENDS IN LEARNING OUTCOMES ........................................................................................................ 29 2.1.4. EQUITY IN EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES AND OPPORTUNITIES ................................................. 37 2.1.5. STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN LOW INCOME OIC COUNTRIES.................................................... 46 2.1.6. THE DETERMINANTS OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ..................................................................... 47 MAIN FACTORS DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION ...............................................52 POLICY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE EDUCATION QUALITY IN THE OIC COUNTRIES ................58 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................................60 3. CASE STUDIES...............................................................................................................................................62 JORDAN........................................................................................................................................................66 3.1.1. THE EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE COUNTRY ..................................................................... 66 3.1.2. MAJOR EDUCATION REFORMS IN JORDAN: 1990-2017 ............................................................... 68 3.1.3. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES ............................................................................................ 71 3.1.4. MAJOR TRENDS IN EDUCATION STATISTICS .................................................................................... 72 3.1.5. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF LEARNING OUTCOMES ................. 84 3.1.6. STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS ................................................................................................................. 87 3.1.7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 92 3.1.8. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................... 92 MALAYSIA...................................................................................................................................................93 3.2.1. THE EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE COUNTRY ..................................................................... 93 3.2.2. MAJOR EDUCATION REFORMS AND POLICIES.................................................................................. 94 3.2.3. ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES ............................................................................................ 98 3.2.4. MAJOR TRENDS IN EDUCATION STATISTICS .................................................................................... 98 3.2.5. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING EVIDENCE............................................................................................... 107 3.2.6. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF LEARNING OUTCOMES .............. 109 3.2.7. STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS IN MALAYSIA................................................................................. 113 3.2.8. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 117 3.2.9. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................. 118 PAKISTAN ................................................................................................................................................ 120 3.3.1. THE EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE COUNTRY .................................................................. 120