21
groups in most cases suggests that the OIC group fares less well than countries of the non-OIC
group. The only exception to this pattern is with regards the low-income group in the 1996-2000
period for which the life expectancy among the OIC group (53.9 years) was marginally higher than that
of the non-OIC group (53.4). However, even though the OIC group was ahead of the non-OIC group in
the period 1996-2000, by the end of the 20-year period the non-OIC group (63.7) had not only
overtaken the OIC group (60.9) but had also registered a respectable lead.
A similar trend pattern is seen with regard to the analysis of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) i
The low-income non-OIC group had a higher baseline MMR (765) figure compared to the
corresponding OIC group (744) in 1996-2000. Over the next 20 years its MMR value improved (to 448)
to reach a higher level than in the OIC group (457). The MMR statistics also support the earlier
assertion that the OIC group irrespective of their income has historically had worse health outcomes
than the non-OIC group. In addition to the life expectancy and the MMR analysis, also
presents an analysis of the under 5 mortality which shows a broadly similar pattern.
The remaining indicators i isplay a different trend pattern. The indicator onmortality from
cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is the percent of
30-year-old-people who would die before their 70th birthday from any of CVD, cancer, diabetes, or
CVD, assuming that s/he would experience current mortality rates at every age and s/he would not
die from any other cause of death (e.g., injuries or HIV/AIDS). The weighted averages plotted in the
graph suggest a moderate, yet consistent, improvement over the 20-year period for all income-OIC
groups. However, the “income effect”, where high-income countries report better health outcomes
than the low-income counterparts, is perhaps less pronounced in this particular graph. This is
primarily because the low-income group has done better than the lower-middle income group for non-
OIC countries.
Incidence of tuberculosis in s the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis (TB)
cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. Trends within each of the
six income-IOC groups captured in the relevant graph suggest that incidence of TB had indeed fallen
over the years. For example, in the low income OIC group the incidence of TB had dropped from 197
in 1006-2000 to 171 in 2011-2015. Similar trends are visible across all six groups with non-OIC
groups reporting a much sharper drop in the incidence of TB than the OIC group . For example,
over the 20-year period the incidence of TB in the OIC countries within the low-income group had
dropped by a mere 26 cases per 100,000 population (197 - 171). Concurrently, the incidence had
dropped by 134 cases (386 - 252) in the non-IOC group in the same income group. Middle-income non-
OIC countries have low levels of incidence compared to their low-income counterparts. On the other
hand, the income effect is not as clear for the OIC countries; low income OIC countries do better than
lower-middle-income OIC countries. Clearly this result reflects the fact that some OIC countries such
as Bangladesh (3.7%of global total TB cases), Indonesia (10.3%of the total), Nigeria (5.9%of the total)
and Pakistan (5.2% of the total) are affected by large caseloads of TB despite being in the lower-middle
income category (WHO, 2015). In fact, all of these OIC countries are in the 22 TB high burden country
(HBC) list used by the WHO (ibid).
The last graph i captures the incidence of HIV, which is the number of new HIV infections
among uninfected populations aged 15-49 expressed as a per cent of the uninfected population in the
year before. In non-OIC countries, the incidence of HIV is lowest in middle income countries whereas
in OIC countries, the incidence of HIV steadily decreases with income level. The difference in
incidence of HIV in high income countries is very stark with OIC countries achieving a
considerably lower level of exposure to HIV. In low and lower middle-income countries,
however, OIC countries tend to do less well than non-OIC countries.
The above analysis of health outcomes hints that the need for and demand for health care services is
higher in the OIC countries at all levels of wealth. This finding provides the background for a detailed