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Among factors displaying a negative influence is a lack of parental pressure. Also significant is
the rural-urban gap in student achievement. Children from towns and cities consistently score
high in all subjects in OIC countries as well as OECD countries. However the urban influence is
much bigger in case of OIC countries.
Table 2.1: OLS Estimates of the Determinants of Student Achievement PISA 2012 in the OIC,
OECD and Non-OECD Countries
VARIABLES
OIC
OECD
Non-
OECD
VARIABLES
Reading
Math
Science
Reading
Math
Science
Reading
Math
Science
Household wealth: 2
14.22**
11.82**
11.09**
7.647**
8.899**
7.456**
6.040**
6.311**
4.766**
(1.143)
(1.046)
(1.093)
(0.590)
(0.594)
(0.601)
(0.608)
(0.631)
(0.603)
Household wealth: 3
14.57**
11.86**
9.512**
7.279**
10.59**
7.425**
7.736**
6.669**
6.376**
(1.122)
(1.032)
(1.075)
(0.587)
(0.594)
(0.600)
(0.607)
(0.629)
(0.603)
Household wealth: 4
15.74**
14.74**
12.08**
6.094**
11.22**
6.397**
9.341**
8.477**
7.289**
(1.187)
(1.108)
(1.146)
(0.627)
(0.634)
(0.639)
(0.634)
(0.662)
(0.633)
Household wealth: 5
15.33**
15.22**
8.204**
2.384**
8.952**
2.600**
10.48**
12.56**
9.807**
(1.284)
(1.219)
(1.240)
(0.647)
(0.651)
(0.656)
(0.685)
(0.715)
(0.681)
Girl
44.91**
0.00295
15.94**
33.42**
-
16.08**
-
6.077**
30.46**
-
13.72**
-
4.341**
(0.759)
(0.715)
(0.732)
(0.388)
(0.392)
(0.395)
(0.394)
(0.412)
(0.393)
Age
8.580**
6.722**
6.789**
16.06**
17.11**
15.35**
11.68**
12.59**
13.34**
(1.313)
(1.230)
(1.263)
(0.671)
(0.677)
(0.682)
(0.677)
(0.707)
(0.676)
Attended pre-school
16.40**
15.25**
15.25**
27.73**
29.74**
27.19**
30.12**
31.90**
28.25**
(0.828)
(0.769)
(0.792)
(0.816)
(0.802)
(0.812)
(0.645)
(0.634)
(0.635)
Test language spoken at home
6.494**
-
2.371**
8.296**
20.54**
9.053**
20.68**
15.55**
5.138**
11.76**
(0.924)
(0.900)
(0.920)
(0.652)
(0.638)
(0.661)
(0.796)
(0.835)
(0.779)
Parent’s education: lower
secondary
-
9.744**
-
4.855**
-
5.132**
9.583**
14.07**
14.40**
16.76**
20.26**
16.51**
(1.633)
(1.488)
(1.532)
(1.384)
(1.346)
(1.370)
(0.732)
(0.745)
(0.722)
Parent’s education: upper
secondary
-
15.90**
-1.906
-
5.421**
34.44**
41.41**
40.81**
24.59**
27.07**
24.62**
(1.325)
(1.208)
(1.264)
(1.271)
(1.234)
(1.259)
(0.689)
(0.702)
(0.682)
Parent’s education: Tertiary
-2.961*
12.85**
11.74**
58.91**
65.93**
65.43**
38.29**
40.44**
37.61**
(1.319)
(1.208)
(1.263)
(1.271)
(1.232)
(1.258)
(0.686)
(0.698)
(0.676)
Learning minutes
0.0637*
*
0.0352*
*
0.0421*
*
-
0.0309*
*
-
0.0441*
*
-
0.0437*
*
0.0292*
*
0.0425*
*
0.0272*
*
(0.0056
0)
(0.0048
0)
(0.0051
5)
(0.0026
0)
(0.0026
0)
(0.0026
7)
(0.0029
6)
(0.0032
1)
(0.0028
8)
Proportion of certified
teachers
5.111**
10.90**
6.291**
26.39**
27.46**
26.39**
45.91**
60.83**
57.20**
(1.379)
(1.289)
(1.309)
(0.880)
(0.909)
(0.890)
(0.606)
(0.630)
(0.601)
Private school attended
30.51**
22.81**
27.40**
17.50**
15.53**
13.08**
16.32**
16.58**
15.91**
(1.293)
(1.221)
(1.264)
(0.560)
(0.583)
(0.576)
(0.609)
(0.649)
(0.603)
Teacher shortage
-0.235
-0.735*
0.308
-
2.061**
-
2.784**
-
3.198**
-5.193**
-
5.374**
-
6.015**
(0.317)
(0.300)
(0.307)
(0.209)
(0.210)
(0.211)
(0.187)
(0.198)
(0.187)