List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................6

1.

A GLOBAL PICTURE OF FORCED MIGRATION AND

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION....................................................................................................8

1.1.

Global Forced Migration Trends and Drivers............................................................................. 8

1.2.

The Basics of International Protection: The Refugee Convention and

Nonrefoulement ................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2.1.

Refugee protection under international law........................................................................................ 12

1.2.2.

Non-refugee forced migrants: The mismatch between protection in

law and needs in practice............................................................................................................................. 14

1.3.

The International Protection Regime: Robust in Practice?................................................ 16

1.3.1.

Gaps in protection at the national level ................................................................................................. 16

1.3.2.

Practical capacity to provide protection................................................................................................ 17

1.4.

Consequences of Forced Displacement and the Protection Regime ............................... 19

2.

FORCED MIGRATION IN AND FROM OIC COUNTRIES.........................................................21

2.1.

Forced Migration in OIC Countries: An Overview .................................................................. 21

2.2.

Forced Migration in the Middle East........................................................................................... 24

2.2.1.

Migration Dynamics in the Middle East ................................................................................................. 25

2.2.2.

Protection frameworks in the Middle East........................................................................................... 29

2.3.

Forced Migration in North Africa................................................................................................. 30

2.3.1.

Migration dynamics in North Africa ........................................................................................................ 31

2.3.2.

Protection frameworks in North Africa ................................................................................................. 33

2.4.

Forced Migration in West Africa .................................................................................................. 34

2.4.1.

Migration dynamics in West Africa.......................................................................................................... 35

2.4.2.

Protection frameworks in West Africa................................................................................................... 39

2.5.

Forced Migration in East Africa .................................................................................................... 41

2.5.1.

Migration dynamics in East Africa ........................................................................................................... 42

2.5.2.

Protection frameworks in East Africa..................................................................................................... 46

2.6.

Forced Migration in Central Asia ................................................................................................. 49

2.6.1.

Migration dynamics in Central Asia......................................................................................................... 50

2.6.2.

Protection frameworks in Central Asia.................................................................................................. 54