Education of Disadvantaged Children in OIC:
The Key to Escape from Poverty
262
 Speaking a language different than Urdu in the household did not use to affect finishing
5 years of education in 1990 but in 2012 it decreased the chances of finishing school by
7.2 percent.
 Being a girl still decreases the chances of finishing 5 years of education in 2012 but the
marginal effect decreased to 6.5 percent in 2012 from 24.9 percent in 1990.
Finishing 8 years of education for 16-18 year olds
Finishing 8 years of education seem to be affected by all circumstances of children as of 2012
except location and also regions (except Sindh).
 Living in rural areas does not have any negative effect on finishing 8 years of education
either in 1990 or 2012.
 Compared to other education indicators, regional inequalities are less pronounced for
finishing 8 years of education. The negative effect of living in Balochistan disappeared
throughout the years while the negative effect of living in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
became positive while the negative effect of living in Sindh persists.
 Living in a household with a household head who has no education, primary education
or secondary education (compared to a household head with higher education degree)
decreases the likelihood of finishing 8 years of education in 2012 and the marginal
effects are more or less the same compared to 1990.
 5 or more children in the household decreases the likelihood of finishing 8 years of
education in 1990 and 2012 at about the same rate. 3-4 children in the household also
has a negative but smaller marginal effect.
 For the children living in households in the 1st and 2nd quintile the negative marginal
effects increased from 1990 to 2012 while they decreased for children living in richer
households (3rd and 4th quintile).
 Speaking a language different than Urdu in the household did not use to affect finishing
8 years of education in 1990 but in 2012 it decreased the chances of finishing school by
10.2 percent.
 Being a girl decreases the likelihood of finishing 8 years of education by 14.2 percent in
2012 but this rate used to be higher in 1990 with 23.3 percent.
Annex Table 8 Probit regression results (reporting marginal effects)
Attendance 6-11 year
olds
Attendance 12-15
year olds
Finishing 5 years of
education
(12-15 year olds)
Finishing 8 years of
education
(16-18 year olds)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
VARIABLES 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
location: Rural 0.006 0.025 0.072** 0.010 -0.040 0.045* -0.002 0.018
(0.034) (0.025) (0.035) (0.023) (0.037) (0.025) (0.042) (0.027)
region: Sindh -0.214*** -0.197*** -0.155*** -0.120*** -0.212*** -0.103*** -0.065** -0.080**
(0.028) (0.026) (0.037) (0.024) (0.027) (0.024) (0.032) (0.032)