Education of Disadvantaged Children in OIC:
The Key to Escape from Poverty
92
Table 7 Turkey Basic Indicators
Indicator 1990s 2010s
exact
year
for
1990s
exact
year for
2010s
Population Population, total 53,994,604 78,665,832 1990 2015
Population growth (annual percent) 1.7 1.5 1990 2015
Population ages 0-14 (percent of
total) 36.3 25.7 1990 2015
Urban population (percent of total) 59.2 73.4 1990 2015
GDP GDP growth (annual percent) 9.3 4.0 1990 2015
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011
international $) 10,954 19,460 1990 2015
Poverty &
Inequality
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day
(2011 PPP) (percent of population) 2.6 0.3 1994 2013
Income share held by lowest
20percent 5.8 5.8 1994 2013
GINI index (World Bank estimate) 41.3 40.2 1994 2013
Other
development
indicators
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live
births) 74.5 13.5 1990 2015
Prevalence of stunting, height for age
(percent of children under 5) 24.1 9.5 1993 2013
Improved water source (percent of
population with access) 86.2 100.0 1990 2015
Improved sanitation facilities (percent
of population with access) 82.9 94.9 1990 2015
Access to electricity (percent of
population) 100.0 100.0 1990 2012
Education Gross enrolment ratio, pre-primary,
both sexes (percent) 4.1 27.6 1990 2013
Gross enrolment ratio, primary, both
sexes (percent) 104.2 106.9 1990 2013
Gross enrolment ratio, lower
secondary, both sexes (percent) 67.7 105.1 1994 2013
Gross enrolment ratio, upper
secondary, both sexes (percent) 49.2 95.4 1994 2013
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary
education (headcount basis) 30.5 19.8 1990 2013
Pupil-teacher ratio in lower secondary
education (headcount basis) 45.6 20.6 1994 2013
Government expenditure on education
as percent of GDP (percent) 3.4 4.8 1993 2013
Expenditure on education as percent
of total government expenditure
(percent) 12.4 2013
Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics Database and World Bank World Development Indicators Database