Risk & Crisis Management in Tourism Sector:
Recovery from Crisis
in the OIC Member Countries
70
 2004 - Tsunami: On December 26th 2004, an earthquake in the Indian ocean caused a huge
tsunami that devastated several coastal areas in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other
countries bordering the Indian Ocean, killing more than 300,000 people, including around
170,000 in Indonesia (although unlike in other countries, tourist destinations were not
affected).
 2005 - Bali Bombings (No 2): In October 2005, three suicide bombers attacked a beach
resort in Bali, killing 23 people and injuring more (Bonner and Perlez, 2005).
 2006 - Avian Flu/H5N1: An outbreak of Avian Flu in Indonesia (Nidom et al, 2010) may
have added to the decline of tourism arrivals resulting from other factors in 2005/6.
 2006 - Yogyakarta Earthquake Java/South Sea Tsunami: Also known as the Bantul
earthquake, this took place on 27th May, causing 5,700 deaths and injuring tens of
thousands of people. The financial loss was estimated to be over US$ 3.1 billion, with
extensive damage to private houses and businesses (EERI, 2016).
 2009 - JWMariott Bombing (No 2); Ritz Carlton Bombing: Two suicide bombing attacks
on international hotels in Jakarta killed 9 people and injured many more. The bombings
added to the perception of Indonesia being vulnerable to terrorism attacks but did not have
a measurable impact on the number of arrivals, either in 2009 or 2010.
 2009 - Tasikmalaya / Padang Earthquakes: In September 2009, a powerful earthquake
struckWest Java, killing 44 people and injuringmore than 300, and a month later a stronger
earthquake struckWest Sumatra, with the loss of over 1000 lives. There was no direct effect
on the tourism sector, but extensive coverage of the West Sumatran earthquake in
particular may have reminded people of Indonesia’s geological instability.
 2010 - Mount Merapi Volcanic Eruption: The volcano Merapi in Central Java erupted in
October/November, causing over 350,000 people to be evacuated, while more than 350
people were killed during the eruption, mostly because they refused to leave their homes.
The eruption caused aviation disruption across Java (NASA, 2010).
The impact of the various crises is illustrated by the growth (or decline) in international and
domestic tourism over the period 2000-2010, as shown in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1. In the figure,
the green bars represent domestic tourism, while the blue bars represent international tourism.