Risk & Crisis Management in Tourism Sector:
Recovery from Crisis
in the OIC Member Countries
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visitors per 1000 inhabitants, while equivalent figures elsewhere in Indonesia were Central
Java received 1.78/1000 in Central Java, 4.83/1000 inWest Java, and 81.34/1000 in Jakarta
(De Haan, 2016).
 Statistics for Bali over the past 15 years have demonstrated its resilience and the recovery
of its tourism industry from crisis, including the growth in domestic tourism. In 2014
foreign arrivals to Bali exceeded 3.73 million, compared to 1.38 million in 2001. Similarly,
domestic tourism has grown dramatically, rising from 1.69 million visitors in 2001 to 6.39
million in 2014.
 According to official from the Ministry of Tourism, setting up the Crisis Management Team,
with coordination between relevant authorities such as ministries of Health, Social Affairs,
Home Affairs, and Foreign Affairs, was an effective step to manage the crisis, take steps to
recover from it and restore the tourism industry (Surana, 2017, pers. comm., 2 May).
 The country jumped from rank 70th in 2013 to rank 50th in 2015 in international tourism
industry (Tourism Industry Indonesia, 2016) due to the rapidly growing number of foreign
visitor arrivals, national prioritization of the tourism industry and investment in
infrastructure such as communication and air transport. Indonesia was also competitive in
prices and in its rich natural resources and presence of several World Heritage Sites.
 In 2004 foreign arrival numbers showed a recovery from the 2002 crisis, and investments
and development in the sector resumed. Meanwhile, safety and security measures with
appropriate training and awareness education for industry members were implemented.
Coordination between various government officials and local authorities were improved.
The secondwave of attacks in Bali (in 2005) proved that the preparedness of the authorities
and their enhanced security procedures were much more efficient than three years earlier
and as a result the casualties and reputational damage from the second attack were much
less extensive.
 After the Bali attacks and the implementation of security measures, representatives from
the police, tourism and hospitality, media, medical personnel, and the host communities got
involved in terrorism-focused security audits, crisis training and safety. Meanwhile,
international travel advisories regarding terrorism threats are regularly revised, with any
change in the advice given representing an indicator of awareness and preparedness of the
authorities to face any risk of future crisis.
 Tourism currently is directing collaborative efforts towards the development and
expansion of tourism markets and revenues. After the Bali attacks specific strategies were
implemented including promotion, market diversification, into new regional areas and
niche markets, greater promotion of domestic market, increased package deals, effective
management of technology and social media platforms and quality service and products
(Gurtner, 2016). For instance, Bali now markets itself as a hub port for yachts and cruise
ships, while health and wellness tourism has also been developed. Small-scale efforts to
develop and market agritourism, ecotourism and safaris are being made.
 The Bali Tourism Board was recognised for its efforts for the development of tourism and
restoration of Bali's image, with the award of: 'World's Leading Island Destination' in 2014,
by theWorld Travel Awards. Such recognition from an international organisation also helps
to promote the island as a safe and attractive destination to visit.