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Community Based Tourism
Finding the Euilibrium in the COMCEC Context
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CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Tourism Development and Impacts ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Paradigm Shift in Resource Management: Sustainability.......................................................................... 4 1.3. Paradigm Shift in Tourism Resource Management: Sustainable Tourism......................................... 5 1.4. Sustainable Development, Tourism, Poverty Reduction, and the LDCs .............................................. 6 1.5. Emergence of Community-Based Tourism...................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1. Characteristics of Community-Based Tourism....................................................................................10 1.5.2. Requirements for Successful Community-Based Tourism .............................................................12 1.5.3. Benefits of Community-Based Tourism..................................................................................................15 1.5.4. Costs of Community-Based Tourism .......................................................................................................17 2. COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS............................................................................19 2.1. Participatory Planning and Development......................................................................................................22 2.1.1. Power Relations: Challenges and Opportunities ................................................................................23 2.1.2. Steps for Strong Stakeholder Participation...........................................................................................23 2.2. Situation Analysis - Research ..............................................................................................................................24 2.2.1. Community Analysis.......................................................................................................................................25 2.2.2. Social Network Analysis................................................................................................................................25 2.2.3. Supply Network Analysis..............................................................................................................................25 2.2.4. Destination Capital Analysis........................................................................................................................26 2.2.5. Destination SWOT Analysis .........................................................................................................................28 2.2.6. Policy Framework Analysis .........................................................................................................................29 2.2.7. CBT Destination Brand Concept ................................................................................................................30 2.3.1. Identifying Target Markets ..........................................................................................................................31 2.3. Visioning and Planning ..........................................................................................................................................31 2.3.2. Identifying the Marketing Mix ....................................................................................................................32 2.3.3. Identifying Human and Social Capital Needs .......................................................................................32 2.3.4. Identifying Policy Framework Needs ......................................................................................................33 2.3.5. Identifying, Applying for and Mobilizing Financial Resources .....................................................34 2.3.6. Identifying Monitoring and Control Criteria and Mechanisms.....................................................36 2.4.1. Policy Framework Adjustments, Standardization and Certification ..........................................37