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3.8.4. Measures and Strategies Implemented for On-Farm Loss Reduction in Indonesia ...91 3.8.5. Lessons Learned from the Case Study............................................................................................92 3.9 Summary of the Case Study Findings ......................................................................................93 4. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ON-FARM FOOD LOSSES .....................................................95 4.1 Main Causes of On-Farm Losses ................................................................................................95 4.1.1 Cereals...........................................................................................................................................................96 4.1.2. Roots and Tubers ....................................................................................................................................98 4.1.3. Oilseeds and Pulses ................................................................................................................................99 4.1.3. Fruits and Vegetables .........................................................................................................................101 4.1.4. Meat and Eggs........................................................................................................................................102 4.1.5. Milk and Dairy .......................................................................................................................................104 4.1.6. Fish and Seafood...................................................................................................................................105 4.1.7. Summary of On-Farm Losses for All the Food Groups .........................................................107 4.1.8. Summary of Pre-Harvest, Harvest and Other Causes of On-Farm Losses....................108 4.2 Consequences of On-Farm Losses in the OIC Member Countries............................... 113 4.2.1 Effects on Production ..........................................................................................................................113 4.2.2. Effects on Use.........................................................................................................................................113 4.2.3. Effects on Food Security....................................................................................................................114 4.2.4. Effects on the Environment .............................................................................................................114 4.2.5. Effects on Food Safety ........................................................................................................................116 5. CURRENT RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES FOR REDUCING ON-FARM LOSSES ..................................................................................................................................... 117 5.1 Global and Regional Resources .............................................................................................. 117 5.1.1. International Projects and Programs ..........................................................................................118 5.1.2. Projects and Programs for the Arab Group (North Africa/Middle East)......................119 5.1.3. Projects and Programs for the Asian Group .............................................................................120 5.1.4. Projects and Programs for the African Group (Sub-Saharan Africa) .............................120 5.2 Educational Opportunities....................................................................................................... 121 5.3 Resources Needed for Reducing On-Farm Losses ........................................................... 122 5.3.1 Technology...............................................................................................................................................122 5.3.3 Institutional Supports .........................................................................................................................123 5.3.4 Education, Communication and Knowledge Sharing.............................................................123 6. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 125 6.1. General Recommendations..................................................................................................... 125 6.2 Domestic Policies......................................................................................................................... 126