112
VARIABLES
Poor Non-Poor
Reading Math Science Reading Math Science
(0.0348) (0.0335) (0.0370) (0.0310) (0.0318)
(0.037
3)
Proportion of certified teachers -11.25 -10.63 -26.97 -14.31 5.074 -22.84
(24.10) (22.66) (21.67) (26.99) (21.69) (23.51)
Parental pressure: low -19.41* -16.95* -17.06* -23.35* -28.15** -24.52*
(8.545) (8.427) (8.562) (9.311) (9.895) (9.896)
Parental pressure: absent -14.85 -8.595 -16.48+ -25.89* -22.66+
-
28.89**
(9.772) (9.462) (8.685) (11.42) (11.79) (9.615)
Small town 7.084 7.120 7.355 16.24 19.58* 17.70+
(8.362) (5.957) (6.892) (10.42) (8.320) (9.419)
Town 13.25 19.71** 17.33* 20.62+ 29.69** 27.49**
(8.810) (7.081) (8.002) (10.70) (8.456) (9.534)
City 14.88 14.46+ 8.562 25.10* 25.29* 23.70*
(10.52) (8.251) (9.439) (11.44) (10.58) (11.52)
Large city 13.68 30.45** 21.77+ 17.63 30.22* 27.65*
(14.02) (11.12) (11.15) (12.67) (13.91) (12.97)
Private school -20.95 17.77 -10.41 -8.117 23.49 -0.939
(30.39) (38.03) (36.26) (24.84) (19.43) (22.42)
Teacher shortage 0.898 -1.235 -1.486 -3.820 -2.910 -7.139
(4.460) (3.886) (4.106) (7.569) (6.232) (6.101)
STR -1.464 -1.548+ -1.454 -0.653 -0.168 -0.696
(1.107) (0.831) (0.986) (1.379) (1.219) (1.248)
School size
0.00038
6 0.00515
0.00081
3 0.00558 0.00938
0.0046
3
(0.0064
5)
(0.0051
8)
(0.0059
7)
(0.0079
4)
(0.0068
5)
(0.007
2)
Average disciplinary climate in
school 53.42** 51.71** 49.06** 55.86** 56.90** 44.80**
(11.92) (10.73) (10.26) (12.90) (11.75) (11.30)
Test language spoken at home 22.23** -7.302+ 10.92* 18.14** -16.94** 4.410
(4.774) (4.307) (4.465) (5.546) (5.479) (5.237)
Parent’s education: upper
secondary 5.638 7.260* 10.42** 19.69* 15.89* 22.08**
(4.284) (3.471) (3.782) (7.696) (7.532) (7.398)
Parent’s education: Tertiary -7.890 -3.183 1.832 31.04** 24.40** 34.08**
(7.306) (6.021) (6.431) (8.468) (7.942) (7.889)
Constant 233.2** 424.9** 446.3** 122.1 297.7** 318.3**
(88.94) (79.99) (82.89) (95.89) (81.68) (87.33)
Note: *Significant at 10%; **significant at 5%; ***significant at 1%. Cluster-robust standard
errors are reported in parentheses.