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Education of Disadvantaged Children in OIC:

The Key to Escape from Poverty

163

Table 27 Education outcomes by gender of the child

Gender of the child

Attendance to

school

(6-11 year olds)

Attendance to

school

(12-15 year olds)

Finishing 5 years

of education

(12-15 year olds)

Finishing 8 years

of education

(16-18 year olds)

1990

2012

1990

2012

1990

2012

1990

2012

Female

45.6

70.3

39.8

57

31.9

51.8

22.7

41.2

Male

63.5

78.2

65.4

70

48.2

55.1

39

50.1

Gender parity index

0.72

0.90

0.61

0.81

0.66

0.94

0.58

0.82

Note: Authors’ calculations using DHS 1990 and DHS 2012

Language:

Generally speaking, Urdu is the medium of instruction in government schools, English

in elite private schools and English is ‘claimed’ to be the medium in non-elite private schools.

Access and completion rate are significantly higher for children in households where the language

spoken is Urdu versus other languages. In 2012, attendance rates to school by 6-11 year olds and

12-15 year olds are respectively 92% (Urdu) vs 72% (non-Urdu) and 83% (Urdu) vs 62% (non-

Urdu). The percentage point differences between Urdu vs Non-Urdu is highest for the completion

rate of 8 years of education. For the latter indicator, students who speak Urdu at home have higher

rates by a large 26 percentage points over the non-Urdu category.

Table 28 Education outcomes by language spoken in the household

Language spoken

in the household

Attendance to

school

(6-11 year olds)

Attendance to

school

(12-15 year olds)

Finishing 5 years

of education

(12-15 year olds)

Finishing 8 years

of education

(16-18 year olds)

1990

2012

1990

2012

1990

2012

1990

2012

Non-Urdu

53.5

72

52

61.5

37.5

50.4

27.7

41.1

Urdu

74.5

92.1

72.7

82.8

63.5

73.5

57

67.2

Note: Authors’ calculations using DHS 1990 and DHS 2012

Disability:

The DHS data does not report on disability. The Annual Status of Education Report

(ASER)

423

survey includes children suffering frommild to severe disabilities. In terms of access to

schooling, the ASER 2015 reports “that among children who were reported to have moderate to

severe difficulties in hearing, 30% of them have never been enrolled in schools. Of the children

who were reported as having moderate to severe difficulties in caring, 40% of them had never

been enrolled in school. Of the children reported with moderate to severe difficulties in walking,

26% have never been enrolled to school. Finally, 18% and 11% of children being reported with

moderate to severe difficulties in seeing and in understanding have never been enrolled in school,

respectively”

424

.

423

ASER - The Annual Status of Education Report is the largest citizen led; household based initiative that aims to provide reliable

estimates on the schooling status of children aged 3-16 years residing in all rural and few urban districts of Pakistan.

424

ASER (2015)