Education of Disadvantaged Children in OIC:
The Key to Escape from Poverty
154
and development there has been far slower than in the major urban areas. Inequality
also remains a concern, with little progress noticeable between 1990 and 2015 (se .
Table 22 Pakistan Basic Indicators 1990s-2010s
Indicator 1990s 2010s
Year
for
1990s
Year
for
2010s
Population Population, total 107,607,640 188,924,880 1990 2015
Population growth (annual %) 2.9 2.1 1990 2015
Population ages 0-14 (% of total) 43.0 35.0 1990 2015
Urban population (% of total) 30.6 38.8 1990 2015
GDP GDP growth (annual %) 4.5 4.7 1990 2015
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011
international $) 3,057.0 4,706.2 1990 2015
Poverty &
Inequality
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day
(2011 PPP) (% of population) 59.0 6.1 1990 2013
Income share held by lowest 20% 8.1 9.2 1990 2013
GINI index (World Bank estimate) 33.3 30.7 1990 2013
Other
developme
nt
indicators
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live
births) 138.6 81.1 1990 2015
Prevalence of stunting, height for age
(% of children under 5) 54.5 45.0 1991 2012
Improved water source (% of
population with access) 86.3 91.4 1990 2015
Improved sanitation facilities (% of
population with access) 23.7 63.5 1990 2015
Access to electricity (% of population) 59.6 93.6 1990 2012
Education Gross enrolment ratio, pre-primary,
both sexes (%) 72.3 2015
Gross enrolment ratio, primary, both
sexes (%) 58.7 92.7 1990 2015
Gross enrolment ratio, lower
secondary, both sexes (%) 56.6 2015
Gross enrolment ratio, upper
secondary, both sexes (%) 35.4 2015
Pupil-teacher ratio in primary
education (headcount basis) 41.1 46.3 1990 2015
Pupil-teacher ratio in lower secondary
education (headcount basis) 17.3 2015
Government expenditure on education
as % of GDP (%) 2.5 2.7 1990 2015
Expenditure on education as % of total
government expenditure (%) 7.8 13.2 1993 2015
Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics Database and World Bank World Development Indicators Database
The country spends a major portion of its budget on addressing challenges to national security,
interest payments on its loans and some infrastructure developments leaving little fiscal room left
for the social sectors. As a consequence, health and education indicators are very low, with 45%