Risk Management in Transport PPP Projects
In the Islamic Countries
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Accordingly, the case study focused on the practices relating to AYGM, DHMI and KGM, specified
that most of the considerations not specific to the projects are deemed to be generally applicable
to the projects of TCDD, also under control of the Ministry of Transport.
Reference to specific projects
Reference to specific PPP examples mentioned in the Table above is made throughout the case
study to substantiate the description of the practices and provision of recommendations. The
following projects have been in particular recalled in the report:
 The international Ankara Esenboğa airport is located northeast of Ankara, the capital city
of Turkey;
 The international “Zafer” regional airport providing accessibility by air transport to the
cities of Kütahya, Afyonkarahisar, and Uşak, in West Turkey;
 The Osmangazi Bridge in the Izmit Bay, linking the city of Gebze to the Yalova Province;
 The Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge crossing the Bosphorus Strait in the North of Istanbul, near
the Black Sea.
These initiatives have been selected based on their significance with respect to riskmanagement
and availability of information, however they do not constitute a representative sample of the
performance of PPPs in the country.
5.7.2. Strategy and policy
Political support and strategies
The Turkish GDP has been growing at an annual average growth rate of 5.5%, and it is expected
to continue growing at a rate of 4.3% during the period 2019-2023 according to Turkish
development plans. The country population reached 82 million inhabitants in 2018, and
according to recent projections developed by the Turkish Statistical Institute, it may reach 100
million inhabitants by 2040 (2018). The socio-economic growth of the country over the past
decades, coupled with a rapid urbanization process, and there are currently over 20 urban areas
with more than 1 million inhabitants in Turkey.
Since the start of the period covered by the Ninth Development Plan of Turkey, 2009-2013, a
growing degree of political support for infrastructure privatizations and transport PPP
projects is noticeable in the elaboration and implementation of the national plans, programs,
and sectoral strategies in Turkey. According to the Eleventh Development Plan of Turkey
(2019), at the end of the Ninth Development Plan period, a total of 190 PPP projects for about
USD 120 billion was already in place. During the Tenth Development Plan of Turkey, the number
of PPPs reached 242 for a total of about USD 140 billion.
Both the Tenth and Eleventh Development Plans of Turkey (2013, 2019) emphasize the benefits
and strategic importance of the PPP model for the implementation of the priority infrastructure
of the country, to support its socio-economic growth. The Turkish Authorities see in the PPP