Increasing the Resilience of the Food Systems
In Islamic States in Face of Future Food Crises
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and fisheries sectors absorb the largest number of workers—about 38.7 million people, or
30.4% of all workers in 2018.397
Indonesia imported food crops worth about $7,971.04 million in 2018.398 This large import
value alsocontributed to Indonesia's deficit trade balance in 2018. Indonesia's aggregate import
value accounted for $188,711 million, while its aggregate export accounted for $180,012
million.399 Though wheat is entirely imported, it does not have a significant influence on national
food security, because it is not a staple food.
In terms of access and affordability, Indonesia’s performance is moderate. According to the
Logistic Performance Index (World Bank), the transportation infrastructure index of Indonesia
was about 3.15 (out of 5); it is ranked 46th in theworld. 400 An increasewas primarily supported
by an increase in the International Shipments (0.33 points; 11.4%), Infrastructure (0.25 points;
9.4%), and Timeliness (0.21 points; 6.1%) dimensions. Other dimensions that contributed
positively were Tracking & Tracing (0.11 points; 3.4%) and Logistics Competence (0.10 points;
3.3%). The customs dimension decreased by 0.02 points (0.7%).401 Indonesia has amedium and
better overall index than the global LPI index of 2.86. However, logistics infrastructure could be
improved given its important role in food distribution. Indonesia's status as an archipelagostate
makes distributing food via land transportation difficult.
According to the EIU, food quality and safety in Indonesia can be categorized as “quite low,” with
an average score of 44.5. One reason for this is that, as a developing country, the majority of
economic structures are in the informal sector—Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs)—that are not typically registered. Food production is therefore not certified by BPOM
(Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan), the Food and Drug Supervisory Board.
However, despite extensive government programs, there are notable vulnerabilities in access to
food. Cases of malnutrition and low nutrition were still found in Indonesia in 2018, with 3.9%
of children under five suffering from malnutrition and 13.8% suffering from low nutrition.
Compared with 2017, rates of malnutrition increased, and low nutrition decreased. 13 These
cases were generally attributed to low household income. Indonesia's score for food
diversification and the quality of protein in food is still below the global average value.
Malnutrition in Indonesia is largely attributable to insufficient protein intake.
397 “Population 15 Years To TopWho Worked by Main Industry 1986-2017.” Statistics Indonesia.
pekerjaan-uta
398 Departemen Pertanian
Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertania
399 “Ekspor dan Impor
400 “Logistics Performance Index.” World Ban
401 “LPI 2018, Peringkat Indonesia Naik ke Peringkat 46.