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COMCEC Poverty Outlook 2019
40
ANNEXES
Annex 1: The Widely Used Non-Monetary Poverty Indices
Human Development Index
Human development approach relies on a view that poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon.
This perspective is inspired by Amartya Sen’s
24
notion of well-being and poverty. Within the
context of human development in order to investigate development by assuming that it is
something beyond income and economic growth rates of countries the UNDP calculates a Human
Development Index (HDI).
25
The HDI defines people as "the real wealth of a nation"
26
and posits
health
,
knowledge
and
income
as three basic aspects of human measures for development, and
calculates a country's average achievements in these areas. In conclusion, the HDI sees poverty in
terms of human poverty and defines it as a lack of income, education and health.
27
The HDI utilizes four indicators, namely GNI per capita, mean years of schooling, expected years
of schooling and life expectancy at birth, under three dimensions
(Figure 25). When being
calculated the index, minimum and maximum values are set in order to transform the indicators
into indices between 0 and 1. The HDI is calculated by taking the geometric mean of the three
dimension indices.
Figure 25: Dimensions of the HDI
DIMENSIONS
Long and healthy life Knowledge
A decent standard of living
INDICATORS
Life expectancy at birth
Mean years of
schooling
Expected years
of schooling
GNI per capita (PPP US$)
DIMENSION
INDEX
Life expectancy index
Education index
GNI index
Human Development Index
(HDI)
Source: The UNDP, 2015.
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Within the context of human development thinking, in addition to HDI, the UNDP have started to
calculate MPI, in order to measure poverty in a much broader context, since 2010. The MPI
considers multiple deprivations of the population and their overlap by utilizing the dimensions of
health, education and standard of living
(Figure 26). While the health and education dimensions
are similar to the dimensions of HDI, but use different indicators, the standard of living is a
24
Sen 1987 quoted in Haughton and Khandker 2009, p.2.
25
Klugmanet.al.2011, p.250; Sagar and Najam 1998, p.251
26
The UNDP 1990, p.9.
27
The UNDP 1990, p.63.