86
student achievement19. Parental engagement doesn’t show a significant associationwith student
performance.
Table 3.1.3: Determinants Of Student Achievement In Math, Reading And Science By Family
Wealth, PISA 2012
Poor Non-poor
VARIABLES Reading Math Science Reading Math Science
Household Wealth 12.21** 8.277** 11.07** -5.670+ -3.030 -2.451
(2.888) (2.418) (2.531) (3.138) (2.404) (2.521)
Girl 60.24** 11.96* 29.30** 61.93** 7.893 30.63**
(5.946) (5.612) (6.442) (7.055) (6.879) (6.595)
Age 21.00** 15.49** 20.18** 9.738+ 12.38* 14.47**
(7.035) (5.172) (5.133) (5.272) (4.835) (5.429)
Attended pre-school 26.55** 20.70** 20.93** 35.29** 30.06** 27.80**
(4.817) (4.020) (4.622) (4.880) (4.132) (4.997)
Learning minutes (in language
lessons)
-
0.00563
-
0.00640 0.00181 -0.0120
-
0.00372 0.0296
(0.0356) (0.0317)
(0.0333
)
(0.0295
) (0.0353)
(0.0313
)
Proportion of certified teachers -4.355 -7.137 -11.55 2.980 3.932 -3.576
(9.367) (8.510) (7.648) (8.742) (8.026) (7.045)
Parental pressure: low 7.609 7.172 10.19 8.747 6.848 10.96
(8.907) (6.915) (8.328) (9.701) (9.217) (8.113)
Parental pressure: absent 12.20 5.853 9.924 6.292 -2.164 7.300
(9.460) (7.160) (7.515) (10.20) (9.942) (8.266)
Small town -0.447 -1.789 -0.168 5.587 -3.157 -5.192
(10.15) (8.688) (11.25) (11.42) (10.27) (10.59)
Town 9.379 9.423 17.95 11.08 2.266 4.799
(11.82) (10.18) (12.22) (11.57) (10.65) (10.22)
City 17.32 16.32+ 11.86 17.30 11.28 5.373
(11.12) (9.184) (10.99) (11.40) (10.68) (10.57)
Large city 20.85+ 20.16+ 18.43 30.52* 29.02+ 21.09+
(12.57) (11.11) (11.37) (13.54) (14.86) (12.53)
Private school 31.11** 23.19* 26.48** 27.15** 28.87** 27.73**
(10.34) (9.647) (8.299) (9.773) (8.049) (8.071)
Teacher shortage -0.347 0.913 1.209 -2.709 -2.731 -2.551
(1.906) (1.988) (1.956) (1.830) (1.905) (1.793)
STR -0.688 -1.414* -0.982 -1.294+ -1.672** -1.251*
(0.663) (0.596) (0.627) (0.667) (0.521) (0.518)
School size 0.0125 0.0169 0.0169 0.00973 0.0111 0.0111
(0.0134) (0.0120)
(0.0129
)
(0.0105
) (0.0136)
(0.0125
)
Average disciplinary climate in school 25.92** 26.30** 32.91** 35.41** 38.57** 37.17**
(7.487) (7.167) (8.202) (10.22) (11.49) (10.09)
Parent’s education: upper secondary 13.39** 10.10* 11.20* 11.84 11.47 10.98
(4.713) (4.984) (5.217) (8.126) (7.638) (7.720)
Parent’s education: Tertiary 22.96** 24.78** 27.05** 28.49** 31.33** 35.83**
(5.302) (5.027) (5.474) (8.142) (7.718) (7.526)
Constant 17.58 124.4 58.87 180.4* 167.0* 131.5
(112.5) (82.50) (83.92) (82.01) (74.97) (85.34)
Note: All regressions control for clustering of standard errors. *, ** and + indicate 1%, 5% and 10% level of
significance.
19 This is constructed using data on 5 indicators: (a) Students don't listen, (b) Noise and disorder, (c) Wait for
quiet (d) Cannot work well and (e) Long time to start.