Reducing On-Farm Food Losses
In the OIC Member Countries
85
3.7.5. Lessons Learned from the Case Study
Small-scale farms and enterprises without adequate marketing linkages are often the source of
high animal food losses. Turkey has overcome many of these issues as it has transitioned into
modern intensive systems for producing poultry meat or eggs following a trend whereby
commercial groups intensify into large-scale, vertically integrated production. According to
Bagust (1994), successful large scale operations need access to and control of the following:
 Feed: controls on the quality of the formulation of rations, feed components, milling,
distribution systems, and feed storage on site will be important stages in the production
system.
 Housing: appropriately designed buildings for control of the production environment,
as well as good husbandry and management practices will be required to attain
adequate productivity.
 Breeds: in addition to decisions on the use of local or imported breeds, a balance will
need to be struck in choices of the respective characteristics for production,
attractiveness to the consumer and costs.
 Health: a key factor in controlling production so as to sustain, increase or decrease
production as the markets may dictate; access to Specified Pathogen free poultry stock
will be needed.
 Markets: a critical feature of the demand-based system, some developing Asian
countries are currently providing a lesson in the simultaneous development of internal
and external markets. Where earning hard currency has been a priority, some
operations (e.g. China, Thailand) have leap-frogged to meet the market needs of
consumer countries (e.g. Hong Kong, Japan) rather than their local markets.
Disease control and management is another area where work is needed. Mass vaccination
methods for Newcastle disease are less labor intensive but if not applied properly may lead to
<85% of the flock being immunized, which is needed for herd immunity. Alternatively,
individual administration of live vaccines is via the nares or conjunctival sac. Healthy chicks are
vaccinated as early as day 1–4 of life. However, delaying vaccination until the second or third
week avoids maternal antibody interference with an active immune response (Olsen and Orosz
2000).
3.8. Case Study 8: Fish and Shrimp Aquaculture in Indonesia
Fish farming (aquaculture) is a rapidly growing industry worldwide as capture fishery reaches
capacity or over-use, and will soon provide the majority of fish/sea foods consumed. Top global
producers also include Bangladesh, Egypt, and Nigeria is the top producer in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3.8.1. Status and Importance
Indonesia is among the top aquaculture producers in the world. Others include China with 62%
of total production; India (8%); Vietnam (4.5%); Indonesia (3.9%); Bangladesh (2%); Thailand
(2%); Norway (1.7%) and Egypt (1.5%). Indonesia is the world's second largest seafood
producer with a total capture fisheries and aquaculture production of over 9.9 million tonnes in