ii
4.1.4 Republic of Uganda .............................................................................................................................. 91
4.1.5 Arab Republic of Egypt ...................................................................................................................... 98
4.1.6 Republic of Indonesia ...................................................................................................................... 105
4.1.7 The Federal Republic of Nigeria ................................................................................................. 113
4.1.8 Republic of the Sudan ...................................................................................................................... 120
4.1.9 Republic of Albania........................................................................................................................... 127
4.1.10 Islamic Republic of Iran.................................................................................................................. 135
4.1.11 Republic of Kazakhstan................................................................................................................... 141
4.1.12 Lebanese Republic ............................................................................................................................ 148
4.1.13 Republic of Turkey............................................................................................................................ 154
4.1.14 Sultanate of Oman ............................................................................................................................. 161
4.1.15 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia................................................................................................................ 166
4.2 Comparison of Public Debt Management Practices ......................................................................... 172
4.3 Comparison of Islamic and Conventional Finance Practices ....................................................... 175
5 Policy Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 6 5.1 Measures to Improve Public Debt Management ............................................................................... 176
5.2 Macroeconomic Risk Management ......................................................................................................... 182
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................ 208
Appendix A: Surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 211
Appendix B: Country Samples ...................................................................................................................... 213