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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: The concept of quality education .............................................................................................................13 Figure 2.1: Average math and science score in TIMSS ...........................................................................................21 Figure 2.2: Average math, reading and science scores in PISA and reading score in PIRLS .................22 Figure 2.3: Readings score in SACMEQ 2012 .............................................................................................................23 Figure 2.4: Readings score in EGRA................................................................................................................................23 Figure 2.5: Youth Literacy Data........................................................................................................................................23 Figure 2.6: Grade-learning profiles by subject, PISA 2012 ..................................................................................24 Figure 2.7: Pupil-teacher ratio in primary and secondary education .............................................................26 Figure 2.8: Percentage of trained teachers, primary and secondary education .........................................27 Figure 2.9: Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP, primary and secondary education ...28 Figure 2.10: Absenteeism from School (%) ................................................................................................................29 Figure 2.11: Grade 4 TIMSS (Mathematics & Science) and PIRLS (Reading) Scores by Region, 1999- 2015..............................................................................................................................................................................................30 Figure 2.12: Grade 8 TIMSS (Mathematics & Science) Scores by Region, 1999-2015.............................31 Figure 2.13: PISA (Mathematics, Reading & Science) Scores by Region, 2000-2015 ..............................32 Figure 2.14: Grade 4 TIMSS (Mathematics & Science) and PIRLS (Reading) Scores by Country, 1999- 2015..............................................................................................................................................................................................33 Figure 2.15: Grade 8 TIMSS Scores in Mathematics and Science by Country, 1999-2015.....................34 Figure 2.16: Grade 4 TIMSS Scores in Mathematics and Science by Gender, 1999-2015 ......................35 Figure 2.17: Grade 8 TIMSS Scores in Mathematics and Science by Gender, 1999-2015 ......................35 Figure 2.18: PISA Scores in Mathematics, Reading and Science by country, 2000-2015.......................36 Figure 2.19: Wealth-learning profile in the OIC, TIMSS 1999 and 2011........................................................38 Figure 2.20: Wealth-learning profile, PISA 2000 and 2012.................................................................................39 Figure 2.21: Learning levels of children from top and bottom wealth groups in urban OIC vs rural OECD and non-OECD, TIMSS 2011..................................................................................................................................39 Figure 2.22: Learning levels of children from top and bottom wealth groups in urban OIC vs rural OECD and non-OECD, PISA 2012 .....................................................................................................................................40 Figure 2.23: Top-bottom wealth quintile learning gaps in OIC countries, PISA 2012 .............................41 Figure 2.24: Wealth gradient of learning levels in urban OIC vs rural OECD and non-OECD, TIMSS 2011..............................................................................................................................................................................................42 Figure 2.25: Wealth gradient of learning levels in urban OIC vs rural OECD and non-OECD, PISA 2012..............................................................................................................................................................................................43 Figure 2.26: Inequality in school completion (educational gini coefficient) in OIC countries .............44 Figure 2.27: Share of resilient students in PISA 2012............................................................................................45 Figure 2.28: Learning shortfalls in OIC and non-OECD vs. OECD countries, PISA 201............................50 Figure 2.29: Learning shortfalls in OIC vs. OECD countries, PISA 2012.........................................................50 Figure 3.1.1: Percentage of zero scores in EGRA: Jordan vs. other OIC countries .....................................74 Figure 3.1.2: Percentage of 2 Grade Students Who Could Not Read a Single Word of Connected Text ...............................................................................................................................................................................................74 Figure 3.1.3: Trends in TIMSS and PISA, 1999-2015 (Jordan) ...........................................................................75 Figure 3.1.4: Trends in subject-specific competencies in TIMSS and PISA, 1999-2012 (Jordan).......76 Figure 3.1.5: Trends in level-1 competency in Math and Science in TIMSS by family wealth, 1999- 2011 (Jordan) ...........................................................................................................................................................................77 Figure 3.1.6: Trends in level-2 competency in Math and Science in TIMSS by family wealth, 1999- 2011 (Malaysia).......................................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 3.1.7: Trends in level-3 competency in Math and Science in TIMSS by family wealth, 1999- 2011 (Malaysia).......................................................................................................................................................................78 Figure 3.1.8: Trends in level-1 competency in Math, Reading and Science in PISA by family wealth, 2009-2012 (Jordan)...............................................................................................................................................................79